How to distinguish between call by value, call by reference, call by address

/*How to distinguish between call by value, call by reference, call by address.
Program to distinguish between pass by value,pass by reference,pass by address. Call by reference and call by address affects the calling value while call by value doe not. Most important difference is that in call by value new object is created which is some times such as when size of the variable is too large is not desirable so call by reference is preferred over call by value*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void callbyreference(int * x);//pass by address
int main()
{
int x;
x=10;
printf("Before x=%d",x);//10
callbyvalue(&x);
printf("\nAfter x=%d",x);//15
printf("\n");
return 0;
}

void callbyreference(int * x)
{
*x=*x+5;//mind the*
}


//CALL BY REFERNCE, PASS BY REFERNCE
/*

How to write cpp program for Circular Queue using Array

How to write C++ program for Circular Queue using Array

C++ program to implement Circular Queue using Array

Circular Queue implementation using Array
CPP program for implementing Circular Queue using Array

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

#define MAXSIZE 4

class queue

{

private:

int cq[MAXSIZE];

int front, rear;

public:

queue()

{

int cq[MAXSIZE]={0};//error: array must be initialized with a brace-enclosed initializer

front= -1;

rear = -1;

}

void insert(int item)

{

cout<<"\n in insert.\t";

if( ( (front==0)&&(rear==MAXSIZE-1)%MAXSIZE ) || front==(rear+1)%MAXSIZE )

{

cout<<"Q is full.\n";

}

else

{

if(front==-1)

front=rear=0;

else

rear=(rear+1)%MAXSIZE;

cq[rear]=item;

cout<<"\n front = "<<front<<" rear = "<<rear<<endl;

}

}

void display()

{

int i;

for(i=0;i<MAXSIZE;i++)

{

cout<<cq[i]<<" ";

}

cout<<endl;

}

void deletee()

{

if(front==-1)

{

cout<<"Q is empty.\n";

}

else

{

int temp;

temp=cq[front];

cq[front]=0;

if(front==rear)//only 1 elt was there

front=rear=-1;//delete the single so q is empty

else

front=(front+1)%MAXSIZE;//if more than 1 elt then delete frm front

cout<<"\n Deleted elt is:"<<temp<<endl;

cout<<"\n front = "<<front<<" rear = "<<rear<<endl;

}

}

};

int main()

{

queue q;

q.insert(10);

q.insert(20);

q.insert(30);

q.insert(40);

q.display();

q.insert(111);//Q is full so make same place by deleting fronts

q.display();

q.deletee();

q.display();

q.insert(100);

q.display();

return 0;

}

/*

in insert.

front = 0 rear = 0

in insert.

front = 0 rear = 1

in insert.

front = 0 rear = 2

in insert.

front = 0 rear = 3

10 20 30 40

in insert. Q is full.

10 20 30 40

Deleted elt is 10.

front = 1 rear = 3

0 20 30 40

in insert.

front = 1 rear = 0

100 20 30 40

*/
Simples Way to learn Data Structure in C++ CPP or C

How to write cpp program for Circular Queue using Linked List

 /*C++ Program for Circular Queue implementation using linked list

Cpp program to implement Circular Queue using Linked List*/
C++ Program for implementing Circular Queue with Linked List

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class queue

{

private:

struct node

{

int data;

node* link;

};

node *front;

node *rear;

public:

void insert(int);

void display();

void del();

queue()

{

How to write cpp program for BST Binary Search Tree

/*BST-Binary Search Tree Program for  insertion and traversal
How to write C++ Program for BST-Binary Search Tree
Cpp program for BST Binary Search Tree implementation with class*/

-->

//bst-Binary Search tree

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

class BST

{

private:

struct node

{

int data;

node *left;

node *right;

};

node* start;

public:

BST(){start=NULL;}

void insert(int data);

void traverse();

void inorder(node *);

void preorder(node *);

void postorder(node *);

};

void BST:: insert(int d)

{

node *newnode;

newnode=new node;

newnode->data=d;

newnode->left=NULL;

newnode->right=NULL;

node *ptr;

ptr=start;

if(start==NULL)

{

start=newnode;

}

else

{

while(ptr!=NULL)

{

if(d<ptr->data)

{

if(ptr->left==NULL)

{

ptr->left=newnode;

ptr=NULL;

}

else

{

ptr=ptr->left;

}

}

else

{

//if(d>ptr->data)

//{

if(ptr->right==NULL)

{

ptr->right=newnode;

ptr=NULL;

}

else

{

ptr=ptr->right;

}

// }

}

}

}

}

void BST::traverse()

{

cout<<"\n Inorder:\n";

inorder(start);

cout<<"\n Preorder:\n";

preorder(start);

cout<<"\n Postorder:\n";

postorder(start);

}

void BST::inorder(node *ptr)

{

if(ptr!=NULL)

{

inorder(ptr->left);

cout<<ptr->data<<"\t";

inorder(ptr->right);

}

}

void BST::preorder(node *ptr)

{

if(ptr!=NULL)

{

cout<<ptr->data<<"\t";

preorder(ptr->left);

preorder(ptr->right);

}

}

void BST::postorder(node *ptr)

{

if(ptr!=NULL)

{

postorder(ptr->left);

postorder(ptr->right);

cout<<ptr->data<<"\t";

}

}

int main()

{

BST b;

b.insert(8);

b.insert(3);

b.insert(10);

b.insert(1);

b.insert(6);

b.insert(7);

b.insert(4);

b.insert(10);

b.insert(14);

b.insert(13);

b.traverse();

return 0;

}

/*

$ g++ bst_revision.cxx

$ ./a.out

Inorder:

1 3 4 6 7 8 10 10 13 14

Preorder:

8 3 1 6 4 7 10 10 14 13

Postorder:

1 4 7 6 3 13 14 10 10 8

*

Depth-first

• Pre-order traversal sequence: F, B, A, D, C, E, G, I, H (root, left, right)
• In-order traversal sequence: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H ,I (left, root, right)
• Post-order traversal sequence: A, C, E, D, B, H, I, G, F (left, right, root)

Breadth-first

• Level-order traversal sequence: F, B, G, A, D, I, C, E, H

Inorder:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Pre order:

6 2 14 3 5 7 9 8

Post order:

1 3 5 4 2 8 9 7 6
Simples Way to learn Data Structure in C++ CPP or C

How to write cpp program to reverse a linked list

//C++ program for reversing single Linked list nodes 
Cpp program for implement reversing Single Linked List
Single linked list program for reversing the nodes
How to reverse linked list 

#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

struct node

{

node *next;

int data;

};

class ll

{

private:

node *start;

public:

ll(){start=NULL;}

void insert(int a)

{

cout<<"Inside Insert."<<endl;

node *newnode=new node;

newnode->data=a;

newnode->next=start;

start=newnode;

//return;

}

void display();

void del();

void reverse();

};